Articles

In New York, Mexicans Lag in Education, emphasizes the lack of education that Mexicans have according to the census data. It was interesting to read that there has been a dropout rate of 20% when the overall rate for the city is 9%. It is disappointing to know that only 6% of the people are enrolled in college. Of course not everyone is included in the census, but 6% seems to be very low. Although, it is not surprising to read that since many of the children/students do have immigrant parents many have to work more than one job and are not able to support or have time for their child's education. The lack of role models for students is also important because if children do not see other people of their race and ethnicity succeeding sometimes there is a lack of determination to do well.

Chapter 17

What has changed and what has stayed the same in American immigration since 1986?

The increasing amount of immigrants has stayed the same. The changes have been the attitudes towards immigration, and the new laws and regulations.

In the 2000 census, what percentage of the population was foreign born? How does that compare to the historical numbers? (Hint: check the tables in this chapter and in chapter 6.)

10.4% were foreign born in 2000.

According to the 2000 census, the largest numbers of immigrants came what regions? Where did most settle? What were their education achievements and income?

They largest numbers of immigrants came to the Western States. Two thirds of twenty-five years of age and older completed high school graduates. A large percent of immigrants have their PhDs than Native-born Americans. 9.1% of foreign born were in poverty.

Why is the data so misleading when the census data on immigrants is lumped together?
The experience of individuals is varied.

What does Daniels say the responsible historian must try to do
The responsible historian should balance somehow these extremes and arrive at a reasonable estimate of immigrant status and expectations.

Who are "nonimmigrant" immigrants?
Various immigrants who enter the United States on various visas that do not entitle them to apply for permanent resident status and which do not have expiration dates.

Who do experts think comprise the major portion of the illegal immigrants?
nonimmigrants, illegal immigrants, undocumented persons, wetbacks

What is the longstanding discrimination against Mexican as opposed to Canadian border crossers?
Little is ever said about the longstanding discrimination against Mexicans.

Why are the governments estimates of the number of illegal immigrants so unreliable?
There is lost or missing information.

If we accept the governments numbers, what, in Daniel's opinion, are the vast majority of the 1.8% of the U.S. population that is undocumented?
The vast majority are hardworking, exploited toilers doing necessary jobs and not in any way a threat to the republic.

Alabama laws

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/17/opinion/trumka-king-civil-rights-alabama/?hpt=us_t2

The article, Alabama's immigration law: Jim Crow revisited, raises points of how Alabama was once the state where the civil rights movement had first started, is now a place again where there is racial injustice. The article discusses that if the law stays, children will be denied from schools if they can provide their citizenship. People will be ripped from their families in public if they can provide sufficient and orderly document papers. The article also stresses the importance of the President "to oppose and terminate all programs -- including collaboration between state and local law enforcement and the Department of Homeland Security" in order to stop profiling and targeting immigrant communities. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of immigration reform opposed to eliminating all immigrants.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45246594/ns/business-us_business/#.TsWhk7J3z8K

Why Americans won't do dirty jobs, explains the significance of hiring immigrant workers because American workers will not do the "dirty jobs". Randy Rhodes, the president of Harvest select explains how Americans do not want to work ten hour days in the field for lower than minimum wage, and it is hard for him to find immigrant workers to work with him because of the new Alabama immigration law. Furthermore, the article also explains that Rhode and many other employers did not know their employees were illegal until they fled the state because of the new regulations. Despite employers like Rhode trying to emphasis that to his workers that he needed them and he was their friend, many did not come back because of the fear of being deported back to their country.

Moreover, the article continues on with commentary of workers in the field and their experience of working in the fields while this law is being passed. In addition, the article expresses that Americans are too soft to work in the fields and by giving immigrants jobs of working in the fields it is not decreasing jobs for Americans because Americans do not want dirty jobs. The wages of working in the fields are also low. The workers earn $2 a basket, averaging $60 a day working 9hr days doing hard labor.

Chapter 16-1980's and beyond

"While both the volume and incidence of immigration continued the steady increase that had begun just after World War II, anti-immigration attitudes which have always lurked near the surface of the American mind, again emerged" (p.388)

Hesburgh, a humanitarian, stressed economic arguments in a way that also mirrored the national perception of limited possibilities:
"During the next 15 years, assuming a persistently strong economy, the United States will create about 30 million new jobs. Can we afford to set aside more than 20 percent of them for foreign workers? No. It would be a disservice to our own poor and unfortunate." (p.389)

..."the commission urged that the government set up an amnest program to allow illegal immigrants who were already established in the United States to regularize their status and become United States Citizens." (p.391)

The immigration reform act 1986, amnesty-requirements that employers verify eligibility of newly hired employees, whether resident aliens, naturalized citizens, or native-born Americans to work in the United States, provisions of seemingly touch sanctions, including prison sentences, for employers who hire illegal immigrants..." (p.392)

"Each successful applicant has two more major hurdles to clear" (p.393)

"The stick was supposed to be provided by the new eligibility for employment requirements and sanctions against employers who persisted in hiring illegal aliens contrary to law" (p.395)

"The essential hypocrisy of the law can most easily be seen in its employer sanctions provisions" (p.395)

"The law favored growers in a most blatant way, by authorizing up to 250,000 additional "green cards" for temporary agricultural workers" (p.396)

"By the mid-1980's, US English chief stated goal is a law making English the official US language, had ecliosed other members of the coalition in notoriety and effectiveness" (p.392)

"The General alignments within society are quite different. The 1920's were dominate by struggles between rural and urban elements in American society..." The 1980's are culturally much more complex" (p.399)

"...the image many Europeans have of the contemporary United States as a nation awash with crime, drugs, pollution and economic problems has diminished its pull and caused many of them to regard the United States as an interesting place to visit byt not one they want to live in" (p.400)

"[The Irish} They are thus barred from the family preference system that cominates current immigration and since they are economically motivated immigrants... they cannot claim refugee status either" (p.401)

..."the United States senate passed another major immigration revision in 1988" (p.402)

"Within 150,000, a special pool of 54,000 slots annually were to be awarded on a point system giving the highest priority to young, educated, and skilled persons in high demand occupations" (p.403)

"Unless there is a disastrous depression in the United States a depression whose severity and length rivals that of the 1930's, there will be many more persons wanting to immigrate the United States than the country will be willing or able to accept" (p.405)

"The sesquicentennial celebrations, in the 1920's had all but ignored immigration and immigrants but the celebrations in the 1970's tried to embrace Americans of every race and ethnicity" (p.407)

"...the 12 million who have come in the quarter century since 1965 will, with their descendants be an important factor in American life for the foreseeable future and will continue to contribute to its growing diversity" (p.408)

chapter 15

1. Who are the majority of recent immigrants from Spanish-speaking America and who do their migration patterns most resemble?

The majority of spanish speaking immigrants are first and second generation. Their migration patterns mostly resemble the late 19th century Europeans.

2. What became the Cuban American population center, what was their socio-economic background, and what effect have they had on the part of America where they are concentrated?
Miami became the Cuban American population center. Most Cuban Americans were at least lower middle class, but they were skilled immigrants. Carlos Arboleya and many other skilled Cubans helped spark the boom in South Florida. In the 1970's a third of Miami's commercial bank employes were Cubans. 16 out of 52 were bank presidents, 250 vice presidents and 500 other bank officers.

3.How has the Cuban Refugee program effected race relations?
The Cuban refugee program has effected race relations because it affects the native American poor. Cuban families were being offered a full package of social services as soon as they arrived in the U.S. They received medical care, job and educational counseling, and direct cash payments at federal standards. The Cubans were receiving this type of service, while native Americans who were living here, especially blacks were not able to have these services. If they did receive services it was at a lower state rate.

4.What percentage of the Dominican population came to the U.S. on tourist visas?
The numbers are uncertain. Although, from 1966 to 1976 more than a million Domicans were recorded to be on tourist visas.

5.Why are conditions so bad in Haiti, and why are Haitians not generally given refugee status in the U.S.?
Haitians are unwanted refugees from hunger. Also, Daniels states that many argue that Haitians are discriminated against because they are black. The majority of them were laced in long-term detention. Those who were paroled were "free", but left without an income.

6. With the exception of Costa Rica, what kind of shape are the countries of Central America in and why?
Central America does not hold a stable democratic government. All are poor countries since they received their independence from Spain.

7.y did the president of El Salvador ask the U.S. not to deport Salvadorans?
He asked them not to deport Salvadorans because the remittances that they were sending back from "El Notre" were such an important part of national income, more valuable than American foreign aid.

8.What are the three classes of Central America refugees?
Political exiles-smallest group, usually well-educated, middle or upper class, conforms to previous notions about refugees. Copes well with like in the United State, and are able to get asylum.
Urban refugees-most often unsuccessful asylum seekers, seem to make up the bulk of illegal immigrants. Usually of working class or lower middle class,usually find jobs in urban areas if they do come to the united states, are pressured into going into the army. Usually will send home for relatives, usually do not return because they know it is dangerous to return and it is hard to come back.
Peasants-the most numerous group, has the fewest resources either in money or experiences. Rarely get to the United States


9. What is the sanctuary movement?
A group that provides housing, food, jobs for legitimate refugees but who are in the country illegally. They also help them get into the country and assist them in evading immigration and other law enforcement officials. They insist that their cause is good and that they are an old American tradition going back to the Underground railroad of slavery days which assisted runaway slaves.

Chapter 14

1. The war triggered the new attitudes toward the Asians. Also, the belated admission of Hawaii to statehood in 1959, as well as their perception of being a model immigrant compared to african american and latin immigrants.

2. Asian Americans are known to be model minorities because they have fewer children, are less likely to be unemployed, or in jail. They are also more likely to get a higher education than the average american.

3. ABC's refer to American born
Chinese and FOB's refer to fresh off the boat recent immigrants. The silent Chinese in Sf was SF's inner-city chinatown people who were not the model immigration that most people had seen with other chinese immigrants. The unemployment rate was double compared to citywide average, two-thirds of living qtrs were substandard, and tb rates were six times the national average.

4. The 3 increments of Filipino immigration were a group of students, farm workers, after 1965 educated people came that consists of upwardly mobile professionals and would-be entrepreneurs.

5. Filipinos dominate in the nursing and medical fields. They dominated this field because in the 1970's the fifty nursing schools in the Philippines graduated about 2,000 nurses annually. At least 20% migrated to the U.S. And provided instant employment. Many hospitals recruit nurses in the Philippines.

6. Four separate categories of Koreans came to the United States including, war brides married to servicemen, peace corp volunteers and other American citizens. Post war Korean immigrants were also included.

7. Indians and Koreans have in common is that they were both violent.

Chapter 13

1. Recap: What are the Immigration Act of 1924 and the national origins system?
The immigration act of 1924 included the National Origins Act, and the Asian exclusion Act. The act limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country. The law was aimed at restricting Asians and Eastern Europeans.
The national origin system was the American system of immigration quota between 1921-1956, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions to the population. It gave low quotas to the Eastern Europeans and Asians.

2.How did the Cold War effect immigration and immigration policy?

3. What was surprising about who was admitted under the Displaced Persons Act of 1948?
It was the first piece of legislation in American history that set refugee policy as opposed to immigration policy.
Displaced Person's act
This act helped those individuals who were victims of persecution by the Nazi government or who were fleeing persecution, and someone who could not go back to their country because of fear of persecution based on race, religion or political opinions. This act dealt directly with Germany, Austria, and Italy, the French sector of either Berlin or Vienna or the American or British Zone and a native of Czechoslovakia. These individuals were granted permanent residency and employment without making someone give up their current job. The displaced person could bring their family with them as long as they were “good” citizens who could stay out of jail and provide financially for themselves without public assistance. The spouse and children under twenty one is eligible for permanent residency. A child who was under the age of sixteen who became an orphan because their parents either went missing or died would also be cared for by the U.S. Two thousand visas were to be granted for those who qualified as a displaced person. If someone was in the U.S. prior to April 1, 1948 they could apply to the Attorney General to overlook their status to possibly become a permanent resident. (http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1948_displaced_persons_act.html)

4. What did President Truman say was the greatest vice of the quota system and what was he specifically referring to?
Truman stated, "it discriminates, deliberately and intentionally, against many of the peoples of the world. The purpose behind it was to cut down and virtually eliminate immigration to this country from Southern and Eastern Europe." He was referring to allocating visas without regard to national origin, race, creed, or color. Instead, it would be issued to them according to the five principles, the right of asylum, family reunification, needs in the United States, needs in the 'Free World" and general immigration. It put a limitation on the number of immigrants to be allowed in using the same formula in 1924

5. While immigration policy was still focused on Europe, who was really immigrating to the U.S. in larger numbers and why?
Latin Americans and Asians were immigrating to the United States in larger numbers. Latin Americans immigration increased because of the Mexican Revolution. The 1952 law was not the only reason Asians and Latin Americans were immigrating. Few Eastern Europeans were able to emigrate, after the postwar European economic began fewer Europeans Westerners want to immigrate. In Latin America there was political upheaval, and a deteriorating economic conditions. In Asia modernization was developing and educated people were able to use their skills and emigrate to other places.

6.What was revolutionary about the Immigration Act of 1965 and how did it fit with the national mood?
The quota system should be phased out over a five year period with released numbers being put into a pool to be distributed on a new basis. The natives of no one country receive more than ten percent of the newly authorized quota numbers. The seven-person immigration board be set up to advise the president. It is composed of two numbers appointed by the Speaker of the House, tow members appointed by the president

7. What were the unanticipated results of the 1965 law?
All non refugee migration has been the chain migration of relatives a process that is likely to continue as long as the law stays as it is and conditions in Asia and Latin America stay as they are. The law has not materially changed the functioning of the law.

8.What is parole authority and how does it relate to the Refugee Act of 1980.
The parole authority was an authority that every president since Franklin Roosevelt had exercised to authorize a resumed flow of airlifted Cubans to the United States, a slow that would approach for hundred thousand fifteen years later when Congress was considering what because the 1980 Refugee Act. The experience with Southeast Asians shaped the law experiencing being first asylums in countries was not a good guide to the immediate future.It related to the refugee act because it brought four hundred thousand Vietnamese and Southeast Asians.

9.How does a refugee differ from an asylee?
An asylee is a person who is in fear of persecution based on their race, religion, or nationality. A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country based persecution, war, or natural disaster.An asylee applies for entry in the US while already here, either legally or a person who came in on a student or visitors visa.

10. How did American attitudes toward refugees change between WWII and 1980?
The American attitudes changed because for the first time the United States recognized the right of asylum and created a new legal category. The Carter administration proposed a total of 50,000. However many came in in without numerical limitation. 1953 Act allowed Asians to become eligible for admission as refugees. 2.25 million persons were admitted to the United States

chapter 11-depression & war

Great depression changed the pattern of immigration

1930's more people were leaving than entering

2 reasons for the decline: one being the great depression, two the american government changed the rules by executive order.

Propective immigrants had to get affidavits of support from relatives demonstrating that they could support the immigrants if necessary.

The government assited in departure of destitute mexican americans.

Emigration has been a constant feature of american immigration simply because it is easier to be poor in a poor country than to be poor in a rich country.

left off on page 296

Chapter 12

• Ideal laborers because they would go back home after they were no longer needed
• 1924 Border patrol was established
• More than half are visa abusers, people who came with a temporary visa but stayed
• History of Greed-separated about two hundred families from their land
• Mexican americans were always discriminated against regarding housing, education, and employment

• Zoot suit riots in Los Angeles 1943(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots)

• Mexican Americans play a very small role in participating in politics.

• Relatively low naturalization because large numbers expect to return home which many did. Many did not participate in politics because they felt that it was anglo politics meaning the anglos stole their country and abused their people for a century and a half


• They resist going to school because they feel their language and culture are not welcome in the schools. This has led to many not finishing high school


• There is a connection between education and income and mexican and hispanic americans being atleast 62% lower than white families


• False that mexican americans can not speak english.


• They did not participate much in the Catholic church because it was dominated by Irish Americans, the church made clear distinctions between mexican catholics and other catholics. Catholic charities also allocated fewer dollars per capita for mexican americans because they did not have a high standard of living

Chapter 10-Nativism

What is Nativism and what causes it?
Nativism favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.[1] It may also include the re-establishment or perpetuation of such individuals or their culture. (dictionary.com) It is caused when Americans are divided and uncertain about their futire.

What and when were the three discreet phases of anti-immigrant activity?
Three phases of anti-immigrant activity. Thw first phase is anti-Catholic which as aimed at the Irish Catholic and a lesser extent to German Catholic immigration. The second phase was anti-asian which was tiggered by Chinese immigration. and flourished early from the 1870's until 1882 when the Chinese exclusion act was passed. It has not entirely disappeared. The third phase is the restriction against all immigrants.

What was the Know-Nothing party?
Was to call for chage in the naturalization laws. It was to bar the foregin born from holding any but minor local offices. Also, forbidding immigration into the United States of paupers, criminals, idiots, lunatics, etc...

What does the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution establish? Who's left out?
"all persons born or naturalized in the United States...are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside" Asians were exckuded.

Why did the Chinese Exclusion Act pass?
The act passed for econimic interests. Also, the factor of racial prejudice.

What prompted the federal government to take over the administration of immigration?

What do you know about Ellis Island?
Ellis Island was formerly the site of a naval arsenal in New York Harbor. Immigrants saw Ellis Island as an "island of hope"It was later used as a detention center and a temporary internment center for enemy aliens. In 1990 it was a part of National Park Service's

Against whom was most racism directed and why?
Asian immigrants except Japanese and Filipinos.


Was the literacy test effective at barring undesirable immigrants?
In the future all immingrants would have to be literate, although in the case of family immigration if the husband were literate the wife did not have to be. The test was fair, but still did not restrict immigrants.

How did the quota plan work? who was not subject to it?
The major goal was to cut the total number and move the basline census back from 1920.

Was a limit on immigration necessary or desirable
The limitation on immigration is probably desirable. There are limits to to the number of immigrants a developed country can absorb. It seemed impossible to save the lives of people who were leaving their land or origin because of tryanny and death because of the strict restrictive laws that were placed on immigration in the United States.

Angelina Grimke & Ida B. Wells

It was interesting to read that Angelina Grimke was against slavery and her father was a slaving holding judge. It was also interesting to read how she became the first woman to lecture for the Anti-Slavery Society and even though there were religious attacks and she was being threatened she still continued to demonstrate that she truly believes in. In addition, in Angelina Grimke, An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836) she explains the important role that men have regarding slavery. It is important to spread the word and let people know that slavery is a crime against man and God. And if slavery continues it is a great sin especially if they are not allowing them to read or write. And it is important to plead the case for those who are being oppressed.
Furthermore, in her passage, (4) Angelina Grimke, An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South (1836) she explains the important role that woman have in overthrowing slavery. She explains how men have something in their heart that will bend under moral pressure. It is significant if a woman is able to obtain just six signatures to sign in one state rather than none is a step forward. Also slavery must be attacked with the truth in order for people to truly understand the situation. Also it is important as Christian women to plead the cause of the poor and oppressed.
In the second reading her message is strengthened as a southerner because she has witnessed slavery in horrors that can not be described. She explains that she has seen slaves in slavery and has never seen a happy slave, there is no such thing. There is a difference between happiness and mirth. Her being a female speakers after going through many struggles but still speaking about slavery sends the message that change is possible. When she first started speaking she was threatened because she is a woman and women were not suppose to be so open minded let alone voice their opinions. Also, being a southerner and a woman she is able to share her experience of the petitions that are sent out in the south and large number of people that have responded. She also strengthens her speech by using the woman in England as an example of making a difference.
I suppose rape is prominently related to lynching because African American men were easy targets to blame rape upon. If a white woman was to accuse an African American man of raping her, the chances of him being lynched are very high. Since the majority of the people in the south were racist and wanted to abolish the African American race, accusing one of rape was an easy way to do so because of the high ratings of lynching. They were not able to defend themselves, or plead their case.

Chapter 8-Eastern Europeans

When did most Eastern European immigrants begin to arrive in the United States?
They arrived in the last years of the 19th century and the inital ones of the 20th century.

Where did they settle, and what did they do for a living?
They settled in the cities of the north-eastern and north-central states which was known as the "rust belt". They were managers, superintendents and foreman.

What did they do before they emigrated, and why did they go to America?
The came from less-developed regions of Europe where they lived in villages and small towns. The reason for many to come was to earn enough money to buy land back home.

How does the 1910 census data indicate how many Poles came to America?
More than thirteen million foreign born white persons counted that year, nine hundred thousand stated Polish was their native tongue. 32 million, second generation, were the children of persons whose mother tongue was Polish. 45% of Polish immigrants came from Russia. 35% from Austria-Hungary, and 20% from Germany. The tables are not able to account for the people who came before or after the census was taken. The return rate for the Poles was high as well.

Why did Eastern European Jews emigrate?
They wanted to improve their standard of living and they fled from religious persecution

Where did they settle, and what did they do for a living?
They settled in New York and other Northeast and Midwest Cities. They worked as garment workers.

What was the Triangle Shirt Waist fire of 1911?
a fire broke out at the Triangle Waist Factory. Within 18 minutes, 146 people were dead as a result of the fire. Almost all young women were burned to death or died leaping from high windows in the sight of horrified crowds.

What were the differences/conflicts between Eastern European Jews and other American Jews?
The newcomers from Eastern Europe were poor. They came from self-contained rural communities and a different view on religious observances from the other Jews. The newcomers ideology was different, They were either socialists, zionists or both. The American Jews were bourgeois and anti-Zionist. The American Jewish leaders patronized the newcomers and were embarrassed by the other jews regarding their leadership skills, squalor, religious and political views. They view Yiddish as jargon.

What does the complex story of the Hungarian family on page 234 illustrate best about immigration?
Siblings in large families migrated at intervals of a year or more. Most were either married men or single young men and women. If the single Americans got married in America they were most likely to stay there. The married men usually returned to their families in Hungary. If couples came to America, they left their children with grandparents and returned with their America-born children.

Chapter 7-From the Mediterrean

It was interesting to read about the significant impact the steam powered transportation had during the time period. It reduced the time required for an Atlantic crossing. For example, it would take weeks to complete the trip but with the new innovation it took days. The use of the pre-paid ticket also played a large role in the life of transportation as well. In 1890's one in three tickets were prepaid and increased to two in three at the turn of the century. It was also intriguing to read that by 1907 there only four ports that the ships left from.

It was also interesting to read the passage that is included from an immigrant from Naples. He stated that they must first pick the worms from his food and live in inhumane conditions. The response from the cabinet officer was to improve the conditions the rate of the fair must increase. It was frustrating to read that people were not concerned with the way others were being treated in some areas.

It's fascinating to read that the Italians were the largest ethnic group in American history. It was also interesting to read how music played a role in the life of Italians.

Chapter 6 pt. 2

How did the number of German immigrants compare to the number of Irish immigrants?
They both dominated immigration, and they were both European.

What were the push and pull factors for German immigrants?
They migrated with families. They also migrated for economic reasons such as being dislocated or threatened by a vigorous economic growth. In addition, there was a cultural factor that played a role as well.

Contrast German settlement patterns and occupations to those of the Irish.
Germans settled in smaller cities. They worked at skilled trades and in the beer industry. They held jobs as bakers, butchers, cabinetmakers. The women worked as bakers, domestic workers, hotel keepers, nurses, paddlers, saloon keepers, family owned businesses, or businesses in the German American community.

Who was more likely to learn English and adopt American ways, German men or women? Why?
The women were more likely to adopt American ways because they were domestic workers and were able to pick up on American culture. They were able to work with middle class families and see how middle class families live. They picked up on the style of the American home life, dress, and attitude.

What caused friction between German Americans and their neighbors? (list three things)
Germans had a different attitude towards drinking and ways of spending their Sundays. There was a difference between having a relaxed attitude toward alcohol and on the other hand there was a crusade between it.

Chapter 6

Why is Daniels ignoring the old notion of "old" and "new" immigrants, and what the heck is a shibboleth?
The old immigrants from British Isles and Northwestern Europe who came before 1880's were similar to the colonies and were relatively easy to assimilate. The new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came after the 1880's were very different ethnicity who spoke strange languages and worshiped strange gods. They were not protestants. The words old and new are not accurate. It could also be argued that most immigrants were either rural or urban. Shibboleth is is any distinguishing practice that is indicative of one's social or regional origin. It usually refers to features of language, and particularly to a word whose pronunciation identifies its speaker as being a member or not a member of a particular group.

What does he say is the most fundamental difference between immigrants in the colonial period and those after 1820 and what accounts for the change?

Reasons for the changes in sources of immigration are because of the changes occurring in Europe and Asia and later in Latin America and Africa. The American economy and society were changing as well. The volume of immigrants changed as well. There was a large increase in the immigration. Although, not all immigration could have been traced for various reasons.

A large part of the Irish migration was because of the famine although that was not the only reason the Irish were migrating. In 1890 four hundred thousand Irish emigrated to the U.S. and they stayed in the United States. 1 in 12 returned home. They made up 15% of the Immigration after the Civil war which is not the time thought of for Irish Immigration. (p.128)

Can you make sense of the tables 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4? What do they tell us about immigration from 1820-1924? (define decennial)

Table 6.2-Decennial figures show a constant increase with four exceptions. 1860's immigration was inhabited by the Civil War, 1890's by the depression, 1910's World War I, and after the guns of August. The nation also grew from being predominantly agriculture nation to and industrial one, and then to an urban nation.

Table 6.3 indicates the numerical impact of immigration. The numbers of immigrants arriving per thousand. 1854 was the largest migration.

Table 6.4 represents foreign born as a percentage of the total population at each census between 1850-1920 where the population grew from 30 million to 105 million.

decennial-reoccurring every ten years

Why did the Irish leave Ireland? How many left?
The Irish left Ireland because of the potato famine and also because of Catholic Irish immigration. Census of 1841 found about 8.2 million, 1851 about 6.6 million.1890's four hundred thousand migrated to the United States.

Why did so many go to New England and particularly Boston? How were they received there?
The Irish originally on their way to Canada because it was convenient for Irish Immigrants to go to Canada, but they soon realized there was few economic opportunities in Canada. Immigrants quickly realized they could get cheap transportation south from the Canadian ports, or they could walk to New England. This transition was also seen as the Second colonization of New England. The prosaid timber trade that made New England heavily Irish.

Ch: 4 Other Europeans in Colonial America-Questions

1. Who are the Germans? And what the the three primary religious groups they are?
Germany was not a national state until 1871. There are seven separate essays on Germans. The three main religious groups are Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.

2. When did Germans come to America and what was their motivation?
They came a quarter century after the founding of Germantown. Politics, and economics were the major push factors rather than religion.

3. Why did some Germans have to indenture themselves?
They had to indenture themselves because the journey from Ratterdamn took 4-6 weeks to Rhine. two thirds of the Germans arrived impoverished so they indentured themselves to pay their passage. They were called contemporaneously free willers or redemptioners.

What were the two contracts that they had?
They could either pay their fare on arrival or by friends or relatives that were already there, or they could be sold to the purchaser.

Olaudah Equiano-Chapter two-quotes

"and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our parents absence to attack and carry off as many as they could seize."

..."and which was an open shed, and laid myself down in the ashes with an anxious wish for death to relieve me from all my pains."

"The next day I was washed and perfumed, and when meal-time came I was led into the presence of my mistress, and ate and drink before her with her son. This filled me with astonishment; and I could scarce help expressing my surprise that the young gentleman should suffer me, who was bound, to eat with him who was free; and not only so, but that he would not at any time either eat or drink till I had taken first, because I was the eldest, which was agreeable to our custom. Indeed everything here, and all their treatment of me, made me forget that I was a slave."

"On a signal given (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best."

Chapter 3

1. For every European who came to the New World, how many Africans came?

For every European there was four or five African Americans

2. How did the slave trade contribute to the development of capitalism?
Industralism in France England and the U.S. flourished because of the cane sugar industry. Cane sugar was able to be grown and refined. The triangular trads were the initial foundations of their economy which involved mariners, slaves, molasses, and rum.

3. If slavery existed primarily in the southern colonies and states, how did the northern colonies and states profit from it?
There was a symbolic relationship that developed between the Southern and northern cotton planters. Profits made were re-invested elsewhere. Textile industries were developed cheap and durable fabrics.

4. At the end of the colonial period, how many Americans were immigrants from Africa or their descendants? How many Americans today are their descendants?
Every fifth American was either an African immigrant or a descendant of one. The ancestors of more than ten percent of American people.

5. What are the limits on our understanding of the African immigrant experience in America?
The African immigrant experience has limits on understanding it because not all materials exsist. Letters, diaries, reminiscences do not exisit. All documents that do exsist are written by slave traders, masters, and other white observers.

6. What is the Myth of the Negro Past? What is the reality?
The myth of the Negro Past is that black Africa was a cultural desert that had contributed nothing to the rest of the world, resulting in the slaves who came here being "promative savages without even the vestiges of viable culture" (p.56). Anything the Africans may have had in the old world was totally lost except for some savage survials of music and dance/

7. What evidence is there for African cultural transfers in the New World? What's Gullah?
Herskovits's work based on ethnographic field research on both sides of the Atlantic clearly established the existence of African cultures in the New World. Religion, some family institutions, lingusistic elements, folk tales, mutal and societies, and music dance forms.

9. Why were there differences in the treatment of slaves throughout the Americas?
American steelmakers purposely recruited polyetheic labor forces in order to inhibit cooperation among members of the work force. Ibo"s from Nigeria may have been more prone to not being selected.

Chapter 1

It was interesting to read in Overseas Migration from Europe how the Spanish colonial society was able to integrate people of mixed ancestry. They were able to adjust to European standards of food, dress, language, etc. Language and laws were developed and practiced by culture opposed to ancestry allowing them to adapt to their environment and live similar lives the Spaniards. It was also intriguing to read how differently the Indians were treated in the New France compared to Spain. The Spaniards need to Indians to complete more laborious work compared to the French who needed the Indians to become proficient in fur trapping.


It was also interesting to read about contemporary ideas that describe factors in migration. The terms used are Push, Pull, and Means. The term push refers to forces existing in the place of origin that encourage people to emigrate, such as the potato famine or earthquakes. Pull refers to attractive forces that draw migrants to another place, such as more religious freedom or more job opportunities for a better economic standing. Means is the ability to migrate, where transportation is affordable and there is absence of effective barriers.

Furthermore, the causes of migration and the large fluctuation in numbers of when people were migrating was fascinating to read about. It was surprising to me that people would migrate and not stay in the same location they would move back to their place of origin permanently, or go back and forth.

Chapter 2

In the colonial period (1607-1787), how many came to America and how many of those were free?

Fewer than a million came. Six hundred thousand Europeans and 3,000 Africans. The free immigrant was a minority during the Colonial Period.

What does the first census of 1790 tell us about colonial immigrants?

3.1 millions whites, 750,000 blacks. There was no attempt to count Indians, because they were excluded from the constitutional mandate. Rapid growth because of increase in babies. White population grew five times. The black population grew 2 and half times.

Who went to Virginia and why? How did the do there?

They were victims of unsuspicious propoganda who were paid for by the London proprietors which painted Virgina as land of milk and honey. They were also male, young, single, destitute, and ignorant. In adition, the distance of migration was also easy.

History-Reading #3

It was interesting to read how the author explains how he as a college student in the 1970's-80's was taught about the archeology os seafaring and the information was false. In addition, it was intriguing to read about how he explains why the misinterpretation of the maritime people happened for so long. He explains, "...humans evolved and spread around the world during the Pleistocene, a period dominated by heavy glaciation and dramatic changes in global sea-level and coastal geography" (p.9). Indicating that there were numerous changes that occurred that were not taken into account.
Furthermore, in the reading, "From Asia to the Americas", it was fascinating to read about the alternative coastal migration theory. The theory explains how and when the Americas were colonized, especially after geological researched indicated otherwise.
In addition, it was in-spiteful to read how it has been discovered that a lot of the voyages could have not been completed unless sophisticated boats were developed and more agricultural products needed to survive remotely. Continuing on with the reading regarding Polynesians in the Pacific, it was unfortunate to learn that with global warming and sea-level rising archaeological records are threatened by coastal erosion.
Lastly, it was also interesting to read how it was determined where and when watercraft were created in the Native American community. For example, places with more resources were able to have access to bark canoes and has trees that were available to produce birch, beach, or spruce. In contrast, Native Americans who did not have access to these tools may have used animal fat and unfortunately the material was not effective in harsh temperate water conditions.

The Americas

In the first chapter of "The Americas", I thought it was interesting how America is compared to Humpty-Dumpty. The reference indicates that America is similar to humpty-dumpty who had a great fall, and could not be put back together again after tbe facing the destruction of nationalism, the rival identities that were formed. I also thought it was intriguing to read how the outside world views America as a whole, and as Americans we see America as separate regions and areas. Furthermore, in "The Multiplication of Americas", it is stated that in the United States identities are hyphenated. After reading it, I realized most Americans in the United States almost always hyphenate their identity, partially i think it is because relating to only one culture may not be sufficent for an individual. In order to belong in the "melting pot", more than one identity is essential.