How did the number of German immigrants compare to the number of Irish immigrants?
They both dominated immigration, and they were both European.
What were the push and pull factors for German immigrants?
They migrated with families. They also migrated for economic reasons such as being dislocated or threatened by a vigorous economic growth. In addition, there was a cultural factor that played a role as well.
Contrast German settlement patterns and occupations to those of the Irish.
Germans settled in smaller cities. They worked at skilled trades and in the beer industry. They held jobs as bakers, butchers, cabinetmakers. The women worked as bakers, domestic workers, hotel keepers, nurses, paddlers, saloon keepers, family owned businesses, or businesses in the German American community.
Who was more likely to learn English and adopt American ways, German men or women? Why?
The women were more likely to adopt American ways because they were domestic workers and were able to pick up on American culture. They were able to work with middle class families and see how middle class families live. They picked up on the style of the American home life, dress, and attitude.
What caused friction between German Americans and their neighbors? (list three things)
Germans had a different attitude towards drinking and ways of spending their Sundays. There was a difference between having a relaxed attitude toward alcohol and on the other hand there was a crusade between it.
Friday, September 30, 2011
Saturday, September 24, 2011
Chapter 6
Why is Daniels ignoring the old notion of "old" and "new" immigrants, and what the heck is a shibboleth?
The old immigrants from British Isles and Northwestern Europe who came before 1880's were similar to the colonies and were relatively easy to assimilate. The new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came after the 1880's were very different ethnicity who spoke strange languages and worshiped strange gods. They were not protestants. The words old and new are not accurate. It could also be argued that most immigrants were either rural or urban. Shibboleth is is any distinguishing practice that is indicative of one's social or regional origin. It usually refers to features of language, and particularly to a word whose pronunciation identifies its speaker as being a member or not a member of a particular group.
What does he say is the most fundamental difference between immigrants in the colonial period and those after 1820 and what accounts for the change?
Reasons for the changes in sources of immigration are because of the changes occurring in Europe and Asia and later in Latin America and Africa. The American economy and society were changing as well. The volume of immigrants changed as well. There was a large increase in the immigration. Although, not all immigration could have been traced for various reasons.
A large part of the Irish migration was because of the famine although that was not the only reason the Irish were migrating. In 1890 four hundred thousand Irish emigrated to the U.S. and they stayed in the United States. 1 in 12 returned home. They made up 15% of the Immigration after the Civil war which is not the time thought of for Irish Immigration. (p.128)
Can you make sense of the tables 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4? What do they tell us about immigration from 1820-1924? (define decennial)
Table 6.2-Decennial figures show a constant increase with four exceptions. 1860's immigration was inhabited by the Civil War, 1890's by the depression, 1910's World War I, and after the guns of August. The nation also grew from being predominantly agriculture nation to and industrial one, and then to an urban nation.
Table 6.3 indicates the numerical impact of immigration. The numbers of immigrants arriving per thousand. 1854 was the largest migration.
Table 6.4 represents foreign born as a percentage of the total population at each census between 1850-1920 where the population grew from 30 million to 105 million.
decennial-reoccurring every ten years
Why did the Irish leave Ireland? How many left?
The Irish left Ireland because of the potato famine and also because of Catholic Irish immigration. Census of 1841 found about 8.2 million, 1851 about 6.6 million.1890's four hundred thousand migrated to the United States.
Why did so many go to New England and particularly Boston? How were they received there?
The Irish originally on their way to Canada because it was convenient for Irish Immigrants to go to Canada, but they soon realized there was few economic opportunities in Canada. Immigrants quickly realized they could get cheap transportation south from the Canadian ports, or they could walk to New England. This transition was also seen as the Second colonization of New England. The prosaid timber trade that made New England heavily Irish.
The old immigrants from British Isles and Northwestern Europe who came before 1880's were similar to the colonies and were relatively easy to assimilate. The new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who came after the 1880's were very different ethnicity who spoke strange languages and worshiped strange gods. They were not protestants. The words old and new are not accurate. It could also be argued that most immigrants were either rural or urban. Shibboleth is is any distinguishing practice that is indicative of one's social or regional origin. It usually refers to features of language, and particularly to a word whose pronunciation identifies its speaker as being a member or not a member of a particular group.
What does he say is the most fundamental difference between immigrants in the colonial period and those after 1820 and what accounts for the change?
Reasons for the changes in sources of immigration are because of the changes occurring in Europe and Asia and later in Latin America and Africa. The American economy and society were changing as well. The volume of immigrants changed as well. There was a large increase in the immigration. Although, not all immigration could have been traced for various reasons.
A large part of the Irish migration was because of the famine although that was not the only reason the Irish were migrating. In 1890 four hundred thousand Irish emigrated to the U.S. and they stayed in the United States. 1 in 12 returned home. They made up 15% of the Immigration after the Civil war which is not the time thought of for Irish Immigration. (p.128)
Can you make sense of the tables 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4? What do they tell us about immigration from 1820-1924? (define decennial)
Table 6.2-Decennial figures show a constant increase with four exceptions. 1860's immigration was inhabited by the Civil War, 1890's by the depression, 1910's World War I, and after the guns of August. The nation also grew from being predominantly agriculture nation to and industrial one, and then to an urban nation.
Table 6.3 indicates the numerical impact of immigration. The numbers of immigrants arriving per thousand. 1854 was the largest migration.
Table 6.4 represents foreign born as a percentage of the total population at each census between 1850-1920 where the population grew from 30 million to 105 million.
decennial-reoccurring every ten years
Why did the Irish leave Ireland? How many left?
The Irish left Ireland because of the potato famine and also because of Catholic Irish immigration. Census of 1841 found about 8.2 million, 1851 about 6.6 million.1890's four hundred thousand migrated to the United States.
Why did so many go to New England and particularly Boston? How were they received there?
The Irish originally on their way to Canada because it was convenient for Irish Immigrants to go to Canada, but they soon realized there was few economic opportunities in Canada. Immigrants quickly realized they could get cheap transportation south from the Canadian ports, or they could walk to New England. This transition was also seen as the Second colonization of New England. The prosaid timber trade that made New England heavily Irish.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Ch: 4 Other Europeans in Colonial America-Questions
1. Who are the Germans? And what the the three primary religious groups they are?
Germany was not a national state until 1871. There are seven separate essays on Germans. The three main religious groups are Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.
2. When did Germans come to America and what was their motivation?
They came a quarter century after the founding of Germantown. Politics, and economics were the major push factors rather than religion.
3. Why did some Germans have to indenture themselves?
They had to indenture themselves because the journey from Ratterdamn took 4-6 weeks to Rhine. two thirds of the Germans arrived impoverished so they indentured themselves to pay their passage. They were called contemporaneously free willers or redemptioners.
What were the two contracts that they had?
They could either pay their fare on arrival or by friends or relatives that were already there, or they could be sold to the purchaser.
Germany was not a national state until 1871. There are seven separate essays on Germans. The three main religious groups are Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.
2. When did Germans come to America and what was their motivation?
They came a quarter century after the founding of Germantown. Politics, and economics were the major push factors rather than religion.
3. Why did some Germans have to indenture themselves?
They had to indenture themselves because the journey from Ratterdamn took 4-6 weeks to Rhine. two thirds of the Germans arrived impoverished so they indentured themselves to pay their passage. They were called contemporaneously free willers or redemptioners.
What were the two contracts that they had?
They could either pay their fare on arrival or by friends or relatives that were already there, or they could be sold to the purchaser.
Saturday, September 17, 2011
Olaudah Equiano-Chapter two-quotes
"and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our parents absence to attack and carry off as many as they could seize."
..."and which was an open shed, and laid myself down in the ashes with an anxious wish for death to relieve me from all my pains."
"The next day I was washed and perfumed, and when meal-time came I was led into the presence of my mistress, and ate and drink before her with her son. This filled me with astonishment; and I could scarce help expressing my surprise that the young gentleman should suffer me, who was bound, to eat with him who was free; and not only so, but that he would not at any time either eat or drink till I had taken first, because I was the eldest, which was agreeable to our custom. Indeed everything here, and all their treatment of me, made me forget that I was a slave."
"On a signal given (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best."
..."and which was an open shed, and laid myself down in the ashes with an anxious wish for death to relieve me from all my pains."
"The next day I was washed and perfumed, and when meal-time came I was led into the presence of my mistress, and ate and drink before her with her son. This filled me with astonishment; and I could scarce help expressing my surprise that the young gentleman should suffer me, who was bound, to eat with him who was free; and not only so, but that he would not at any time either eat or drink till I had taken first, because I was the eldest, which was agreeable to our custom. Indeed everything here, and all their treatment of me, made me forget that I was a slave."
"On a signal given (as the beat of a drum), the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best."
Friday, September 16, 2011
Chapter 3
1. For every European who came to the New World, how many Africans came?
For every European there was four or five African Americans
2. How did the slave trade contribute to the development of capitalism?
Industralism in France England and the U.S. flourished because of the cane sugar industry. Cane sugar was able to be grown and refined. The triangular trads were the initial foundations of their economy which involved mariners, slaves, molasses, and rum.
3. If slavery existed primarily in the southern colonies and states, how did the northern colonies and states profit from it?
There was a symbolic relationship that developed between the Southern and northern cotton planters. Profits made were re-invested elsewhere. Textile industries were developed cheap and durable fabrics.
4. At the end of the colonial period, how many Americans were immigrants from Africa or their descendants? How many Americans today are their descendants?
Every fifth American was either an African immigrant or a descendant of one. The ancestors of more than ten percent of American people.
5. What are the limits on our understanding of the African immigrant experience in America?
The African immigrant experience has limits on understanding it because not all materials exsist. Letters, diaries, reminiscences do not exisit. All documents that do exsist are written by slave traders, masters, and other white observers.
6. What is the Myth of the Negro Past? What is the reality?
The myth of the Negro Past is that black Africa was a cultural desert that had contributed nothing to the rest of the world, resulting in the slaves who came here being "promative savages without even the vestiges of viable culture" (p.56). Anything the Africans may have had in the old world was totally lost except for some savage survials of music and dance/
7. What evidence is there for African cultural transfers in the New World? What's Gullah?
Herskovits's work based on ethnographic field research on both sides of the Atlantic clearly established the existence of African cultures in the New World. Religion, some family institutions, lingusistic elements, folk tales, mutal and societies, and music dance forms.
9. Why were there differences in the treatment of slaves throughout the Americas?
American steelmakers purposely recruited polyetheic labor forces in order to inhibit cooperation among members of the work force. Ibo"s from Nigeria may have been more prone to not being selected.
For every European there was four or five African Americans
2. How did the slave trade contribute to the development of capitalism?
Industralism in France England and the U.S. flourished because of the cane sugar industry. Cane sugar was able to be grown and refined. The triangular trads were the initial foundations of their economy which involved mariners, slaves, molasses, and rum.
3. If slavery existed primarily in the southern colonies and states, how did the northern colonies and states profit from it?
There was a symbolic relationship that developed between the Southern and northern cotton planters. Profits made were re-invested elsewhere. Textile industries were developed cheap and durable fabrics.
4. At the end of the colonial period, how many Americans were immigrants from Africa or their descendants? How many Americans today are their descendants?
Every fifth American was either an African immigrant or a descendant of one. The ancestors of more than ten percent of American people.
5. What are the limits on our understanding of the African immigrant experience in America?
The African immigrant experience has limits on understanding it because not all materials exsist. Letters, diaries, reminiscences do not exisit. All documents that do exsist are written by slave traders, masters, and other white observers.
6. What is the Myth of the Negro Past? What is the reality?
The myth of the Negro Past is that black Africa was a cultural desert that had contributed nothing to the rest of the world, resulting in the slaves who came here being "promative savages without even the vestiges of viable culture" (p.56). Anything the Africans may have had in the old world was totally lost except for some savage survials of music and dance/
7. What evidence is there for African cultural transfers in the New World? What's Gullah?
Herskovits's work based on ethnographic field research on both sides of the Atlantic clearly established the existence of African cultures in the New World. Religion, some family institutions, lingusistic elements, folk tales, mutal and societies, and music dance forms.
9. Why were there differences in the treatment of slaves throughout the Americas?
American steelmakers purposely recruited polyetheic labor forces in order to inhibit cooperation among members of the work force. Ibo"s from Nigeria may have been more prone to not being selected.
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Chapter 1
It was interesting to read in Overseas Migration from Europe how the Spanish colonial society was able to integrate people of mixed ancestry. They were able to adjust to European standards of food, dress, language, etc. Language and laws were developed and practiced by culture opposed to ancestry allowing them to adapt to their environment and live similar lives the Spaniards. It was also intriguing to read how differently the Indians were treated in the New France compared to Spain. The Spaniards need to Indians to complete more laborious work compared to the French who needed the Indians to become proficient in fur trapping.
It was also interesting to read about contemporary ideas that describe factors in migration. The terms used are Push, Pull, and Means. The term push refers to forces existing in the place of origin that encourage people to emigrate, such as the potato famine or earthquakes. Pull refers to attractive forces that draw migrants to another place, such as more religious freedom or more job opportunities for a better economic standing. Means is the ability to migrate, where transportation is affordable and there is absence of effective barriers.
Furthermore, the causes of migration and the large fluctuation in numbers of when people were migrating was fascinating to read about. It was surprising to me that people would migrate and not stay in the same location they would move back to their place of origin permanently, or go back and forth.
It was also interesting to read about contemporary ideas that describe factors in migration. The terms used are Push, Pull, and Means. The term push refers to forces existing in the place of origin that encourage people to emigrate, such as the potato famine or earthquakes. Pull refers to attractive forces that draw migrants to another place, such as more religious freedom or more job opportunities for a better economic standing. Means is the ability to migrate, where transportation is affordable and there is absence of effective barriers.
Furthermore, the causes of migration and the large fluctuation in numbers of when people were migrating was fascinating to read about. It was surprising to me that people would migrate and not stay in the same location they would move back to their place of origin permanently, or go back and forth.
Chapter 2
In the colonial period (1607-1787), how many came to America and how many of those were free?
Fewer than a million came. Six hundred thousand Europeans and 3,000 Africans. The free immigrant was a minority during the Colonial Period.
What does the first census of 1790 tell us about colonial immigrants?
3.1 millions whites, 750,000 blacks. There was no attempt to count Indians, because they were excluded from the constitutional mandate. Rapid growth because of increase in babies. White population grew five times. The black population grew 2 and half times.
Who went to Virginia and why? How did the do there?
They were victims of unsuspicious propoganda who were paid for by the London proprietors which painted Virgina as land of milk and honey. They were also male, young, single, destitute, and ignorant. In adition, the distance of migration was also easy.
Fewer than a million came. Six hundred thousand Europeans and 3,000 Africans. The free immigrant was a minority during the Colonial Period.
What does the first census of 1790 tell us about colonial immigrants?
3.1 millions whites, 750,000 blacks. There was no attempt to count Indians, because they were excluded from the constitutional mandate. Rapid growth because of increase in babies. White population grew five times. The black population grew 2 and half times.
Who went to Virginia and why? How did the do there?
They were victims of unsuspicious propoganda who were paid for by the London proprietors which painted Virgina as land of milk and honey. They were also male, young, single, destitute, and ignorant. In adition, the distance of migration was also easy.
Sunday, September 11, 2011
History-Reading #3
It was interesting to read how the author explains how he as a college student in the 1970's-80's was taught about the archeology os seafaring and the information was false. In addition, it was intriguing to read about how he explains why the misinterpretation of the maritime people happened for so long. He explains, "...humans evolved and spread around the world during the Pleistocene, a period dominated by heavy glaciation and dramatic changes in global sea-level and coastal geography" (p.9). Indicating that there were numerous changes that occurred that were not taken into account.
Furthermore, in the reading, "From Asia to the Americas", it was fascinating to read about the alternative coastal migration theory. The theory explains how and when the Americas were colonized, especially after geological researched indicated otherwise.
In addition, it was in-spiteful to read how it has been discovered that a lot of the voyages could have not been completed unless sophisticated boats were developed and more agricultural products needed to survive remotely. Continuing on with the reading regarding Polynesians in the Pacific, it was unfortunate to learn that with global warming and sea-level rising archaeological records are threatened by coastal erosion.
Lastly, it was also interesting to read how it was determined where and when watercraft were created in the Native American community. For example, places with more resources were able to have access to bark canoes and has trees that were available to produce birch, beach, or spruce. In contrast, Native Americans who did not have access to these tools may have used animal fat and unfortunately the material was not effective in harsh temperate water conditions.
Furthermore, in the reading, "From Asia to the Americas", it was fascinating to read about the alternative coastal migration theory. The theory explains how and when the Americas were colonized, especially after geological researched indicated otherwise.
In addition, it was in-spiteful to read how it has been discovered that a lot of the voyages could have not been completed unless sophisticated boats were developed and more agricultural products needed to survive remotely. Continuing on with the reading regarding Polynesians in the Pacific, it was unfortunate to learn that with global warming and sea-level rising archaeological records are threatened by coastal erosion.
Lastly, it was also interesting to read how it was determined where and when watercraft were created in the Native American community. For example, places with more resources were able to have access to bark canoes and has trees that were available to produce birch, beach, or spruce. In contrast, Native Americans who did not have access to these tools may have used animal fat and unfortunately the material was not effective in harsh temperate water conditions.
Thursday, September 1, 2011
The Americas
In the first chapter of "The Americas", I thought it was interesting how America is compared to Humpty-Dumpty. The reference indicates that America is similar to humpty-dumpty who had a great fall, and could not be put back together again after tbe facing the destruction of nationalism, the rival identities that were formed. I also thought it was intriguing to read how the outside world views America as a whole, and as Americans we see America as separate regions and areas. Furthermore, in "The Multiplication of Americas", it is stated that in the United States identities are hyphenated. After reading it, I realized most Americans in the United States almost always hyphenate their identity, partially i think it is because relating to only one culture may not be sufficent for an individual. In order to belong in the "melting pot", more than one identity is essential.
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