Articles

In New York, Mexicans Lag in Education, emphasizes the lack of education that Mexicans have according to the census data. It was interesting to read that there has been a dropout rate of 20% when the overall rate for the city is 9%. It is disappointing to know that only 6% of the people are enrolled in college. Of course not everyone is included in the census, but 6% seems to be very low. Although, it is not surprising to read that since many of the children/students do have immigrant parents many have to work more than one job and are not able to support or have time for their child's education. The lack of role models for students is also important because if children do not see other people of their race and ethnicity succeeding sometimes there is a lack of determination to do well.

Chapter 17

What has changed and what has stayed the same in American immigration since 1986?

The increasing amount of immigrants has stayed the same. The changes have been the attitudes towards immigration, and the new laws and regulations.

In the 2000 census, what percentage of the population was foreign born? How does that compare to the historical numbers? (Hint: check the tables in this chapter and in chapter 6.)

10.4% were foreign born in 2000.

According to the 2000 census, the largest numbers of immigrants came what regions? Where did most settle? What were their education achievements and income?

They largest numbers of immigrants came to the Western States. Two thirds of twenty-five years of age and older completed high school graduates. A large percent of immigrants have their PhDs than Native-born Americans. 9.1% of foreign born were in poverty.

Why is the data so misleading when the census data on immigrants is lumped together?
The experience of individuals is varied.

What does Daniels say the responsible historian must try to do
The responsible historian should balance somehow these extremes and arrive at a reasonable estimate of immigrant status and expectations.

Who are "nonimmigrant" immigrants?
Various immigrants who enter the United States on various visas that do not entitle them to apply for permanent resident status and which do not have expiration dates.

Who do experts think comprise the major portion of the illegal immigrants?
nonimmigrants, illegal immigrants, undocumented persons, wetbacks

What is the longstanding discrimination against Mexican as opposed to Canadian border crossers?
Little is ever said about the longstanding discrimination against Mexicans.

Why are the governments estimates of the number of illegal immigrants so unreliable?
There is lost or missing information.

If we accept the governments numbers, what, in Daniel's opinion, are the vast majority of the 1.8% of the U.S. population that is undocumented?
The vast majority are hardworking, exploited toilers doing necessary jobs and not in any way a threat to the republic.

Alabama laws

http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/17/opinion/trumka-king-civil-rights-alabama/?hpt=us_t2

The article, Alabama's immigration law: Jim Crow revisited, raises points of how Alabama was once the state where the civil rights movement had first started, is now a place again where there is racial injustice. The article discusses that if the law stays, children will be denied from schools if they can provide their citizenship. People will be ripped from their families in public if they can provide sufficient and orderly document papers. The article also stresses the importance of the President "to oppose and terminate all programs -- including collaboration between state and local law enforcement and the Department of Homeland Security" in order to stop profiling and targeting immigrant communities. Furthermore, the article discusses the importance of immigration reform opposed to eliminating all immigrants.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45246594/ns/business-us_business/#.TsWhk7J3z8K

Why Americans won't do dirty jobs, explains the significance of hiring immigrant workers because American workers will not do the "dirty jobs". Randy Rhodes, the president of Harvest select explains how Americans do not want to work ten hour days in the field for lower than minimum wage, and it is hard for him to find immigrant workers to work with him because of the new Alabama immigration law. Furthermore, the article also explains that Rhode and many other employers did not know their employees were illegal until they fled the state because of the new regulations. Despite employers like Rhode trying to emphasis that to his workers that he needed them and he was their friend, many did not come back because of the fear of being deported back to their country.

Moreover, the article continues on with commentary of workers in the field and their experience of working in the fields while this law is being passed. In addition, the article expresses that Americans are too soft to work in the fields and by giving immigrants jobs of working in the fields it is not decreasing jobs for Americans because Americans do not want dirty jobs. The wages of working in the fields are also low. The workers earn $2 a basket, averaging $60 a day working 9hr days doing hard labor.

Chapter 16-1980's and beyond

"While both the volume and incidence of immigration continued the steady increase that had begun just after World War II, anti-immigration attitudes which have always lurked near the surface of the American mind, again emerged" (p.388)

Hesburgh, a humanitarian, stressed economic arguments in a way that also mirrored the national perception of limited possibilities:
"During the next 15 years, assuming a persistently strong economy, the United States will create about 30 million new jobs. Can we afford to set aside more than 20 percent of them for foreign workers? No. It would be a disservice to our own poor and unfortunate." (p.389)

..."the commission urged that the government set up an amnest program to allow illegal immigrants who were already established in the United States to regularize their status and become United States Citizens." (p.391)

The immigration reform act 1986, amnesty-requirements that employers verify eligibility of newly hired employees, whether resident aliens, naturalized citizens, or native-born Americans to work in the United States, provisions of seemingly touch sanctions, including prison sentences, for employers who hire illegal immigrants..." (p.392)

"Each successful applicant has two more major hurdles to clear" (p.393)

"The stick was supposed to be provided by the new eligibility for employment requirements and sanctions against employers who persisted in hiring illegal aliens contrary to law" (p.395)

"The essential hypocrisy of the law can most easily be seen in its employer sanctions provisions" (p.395)

"The law favored growers in a most blatant way, by authorizing up to 250,000 additional "green cards" for temporary agricultural workers" (p.396)

"By the mid-1980's, US English chief stated goal is a law making English the official US language, had ecliosed other members of the coalition in notoriety and effectiveness" (p.392)

"The General alignments within society are quite different. The 1920's were dominate by struggles between rural and urban elements in American society..." The 1980's are culturally much more complex" (p.399)

"...the image many Europeans have of the contemporary United States as a nation awash with crime, drugs, pollution and economic problems has diminished its pull and caused many of them to regard the United States as an interesting place to visit byt not one they want to live in" (p.400)

"[The Irish} They are thus barred from the family preference system that cominates current immigration and since they are economically motivated immigrants... they cannot claim refugee status either" (p.401)

..."the United States senate passed another major immigration revision in 1988" (p.402)

"Within 150,000, a special pool of 54,000 slots annually were to be awarded on a point system giving the highest priority to young, educated, and skilled persons in high demand occupations" (p.403)

"Unless there is a disastrous depression in the United States a depression whose severity and length rivals that of the 1930's, there will be many more persons wanting to immigrate the United States than the country will be willing or able to accept" (p.405)

"The sesquicentennial celebrations, in the 1920's had all but ignored immigration and immigrants but the celebrations in the 1970's tried to embrace Americans of every race and ethnicity" (p.407)

"...the 12 million who have come in the quarter century since 1965 will, with their descendants be an important factor in American life for the foreseeable future and will continue to contribute to its growing diversity" (p.408)

chapter 15

1. Who are the majority of recent immigrants from Spanish-speaking America and who do their migration patterns most resemble?

The majority of spanish speaking immigrants are first and second generation. Their migration patterns mostly resemble the late 19th century Europeans.

2. What became the Cuban American population center, what was their socio-economic background, and what effect have they had on the part of America where they are concentrated?
Miami became the Cuban American population center. Most Cuban Americans were at least lower middle class, but they were skilled immigrants. Carlos Arboleya and many other skilled Cubans helped spark the boom in South Florida. In the 1970's a third of Miami's commercial bank employes were Cubans. 16 out of 52 were bank presidents, 250 vice presidents and 500 other bank officers.

3.How has the Cuban Refugee program effected race relations?
The Cuban refugee program has effected race relations because it affects the native American poor. Cuban families were being offered a full package of social services as soon as they arrived in the U.S. They received medical care, job and educational counseling, and direct cash payments at federal standards. The Cubans were receiving this type of service, while native Americans who were living here, especially blacks were not able to have these services. If they did receive services it was at a lower state rate.

4.What percentage of the Dominican population came to the U.S. on tourist visas?
The numbers are uncertain. Although, from 1966 to 1976 more than a million Domicans were recorded to be on tourist visas.

5.Why are conditions so bad in Haiti, and why are Haitians not generally given refugee status in the U.S.?
Haitians are unwanted refugees from hunger. Also, Daniels states that many argue that Haitians are discriminated against because they are black. The majority of them were laced in long-term detention. Those who were paroled were "free", but left without an income.

6. With the exception of Costa Rica, what kind of shape are the countries of Central America in and why?
Central America does not hold a stable democratic government. All are poor countries since they received their independence from Spain.

7.y did the president of El Salvador ask the U.S. not to deport Salvadorans?
He asked them not to deport Salvadorans because the remittances that they were sending back from "El Notre" were such an important part of national income, more valuable than American foreign aid.

8.What are the three classes of Central America refugees?
Political exiles-smallest group, usually well-educated, middle or upper class, conforms to previous notions about refugees. Copes well with like in the United State, and are able to get asylum.
Urban refugees-most often unsuccessful asylum seekers, seem to make up the bulk of illegal immigrants. Usually of working class or lower middle class,usually find jobs in urban areas if they do come to the united states, are pressured into going into the army. Usually will send home for relatives, usually do not return because they know it is dangerous to return and it is hard to come back.
Peasants-the most numerous group, has the fewest resources either in money or experiences. Rarely get to the United States


9. What is the sanctuary movement?
A group that provides housing, food, jobs for legitimate refugees but who are in the country illegally. They also help them get into the country and assist them in evading immigration and other law enforcement officials. They insist that their cause is good and that they are an old American tradition going back to the Underground railroad of slavery days which assisted runaway slaves.

Chapter 14

1. The war triggered the new attitudes toward the Asians. Also, the belated admission of Hawaii to statehood in 1959, as well as their perception of being a model immigrant compared to african american and latin immigrants.

2. Asian Americans are known to be model minorities because they have fewer children, are less likely to be unemployed, or in jail. They are also more likely to get a higher education than the average american.

3. ABC's refer to American born
Chinese and FOB's refer to fresh off the boat recent immigrants. The silent Chinese in Sf was SF's inner-city chinatown people who were not the model immigration that most people had seen with other chinese immigrants. The unemployment rate was double compared to citywide average, two-thirds of living qtrs were substandard, and tb rates were six times the national average.

4. The 3 increments of Filipino immigration were a group of students, farm workers, after 1965 educated people came that consists of upwardly mobile professionals and would-be entrepreneurs.

5. Filipinos dominate in the nursing and medical fields. They dominated this field because in the 1970's the fifty nursing schools in the Philippines graduated about 2,000 nurses annually. At least 20% migrated to the U.S. And provided instant employment. Many hospitals recruit nurses in the Philippines.

6. Four separate categories of Koreans came to the United States including, war brides married to servicemen, peace corp volunteers and other American citizens. Post war Korean immigrants were also included.

7. Indians and Koreans have in common is that they were both violent.

Chapter 13

1. Recap: What are the Immigration Act of 1924 and the national origins system?
The immigration act of 1924 included the National Origins Act, and the Asian exclusion Act. The act limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country. The law was aimed at restricting Asians and Eastern Europeans.
The national origin system was the American system of immigration quota between 1921-1956, which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions to the population. It gave low quotas to the Eastern Europeans and Asians.

2.How did the Cold War effect immigration and immigration policy?

3. What was surprising about who was admitted under the Displaced Persons Act of 1948?
It was the first piece of legislation in American history that set refugee policy as opposed to immigration policy.
Displaced Person's act
This act helped those individuals who were victims of persecution by the Nazi government or who were fleeing persecution, and someone who could not go back to their country because of fear of persecution based on race, religion or political opinions. This act dealt directly with Germany, Austria, and Italy, the French sector of either Berlin or Vienna or the American or British Zone and a native of Czechoslovakia. These individuals were granted permanent residency and employment without making someone give up their current job. The displaced person could bring their family with them as long as they were “good” citizens who could stay out of jail and provide financially for themselves without public assistance. The spouse and children under twenty one is eligible for permanent residency. A child who was under the age of sixteen who became an orphan because their parents either went missing or died would also be cared for by the U.S. Two thousand visas were to be granted for those who qualified as a displaced person. If someone was in the U.S. prior to April 1, 1948 they could apply to the Attorney General to overlook their status to possibly become a permanent resident. (http://library.uwb.edu/guides/usimmigration/1948_displaced_persons_act.html)

4. What did President Truman say was the greatest vice of the quota system and what was he specifically referring to?
Truman stated, "it discriminates, deliberately and intentionally, against many of the peoples of the world. The purpose behind it was to cut down and virtually eliminate immigration to this country from Southern and Eastern Europe." He was referring to allocating visas without regard to national origin, race, creed, or color. Instead, it would be issued to them according to the five principles, the right of asylum, family reunification, needs in the United States, needs in the 'Free World" and general immigration. It put a limitation on the number of immigrants to be allowed in using the same formula in 1924

5. While immigration policy was still focused on Europe, who was really immigrating to the U.S. in larger numbers and why?
Latin Americans and Asians were immigrating to the United States in larger numbers. Latin Americans immigration increased because of the Mexican Revolution. The 1952 law was not the only reason Asians and Latin Americans were immigrating. Few Eastern Europeans were able to emigrate, after the postwar European economic began fewer Europeans Westerners want to immigrate. In Latin America there was political upheaval, and a deteriorating economic conditions. In Asia modernization was developing and educated people were able to use their skills and emigrate to other places.

6.What was revolutionary about the Immigration Act of 1965 and how did it fit with the national mood?
The quota system should be phased out over a five year period with released numbers being put into a pool to be distributed on a new basis. The natives of no one country receive more than ten percent of the newly authorized quota numbers. The seven-person immigration board be set up to advise the president. It is composed of two numbers appointed by the Speaker of the House, tow members appointed by the president

7. What were the unanticipated results of the 1965 law?
All non refugee migration has been the chain migration of relatives a process that is likely to continue as long as the law stays as it is and conditions in Asia and Latin America stay as they are. The law has not materially changed the functioning of the law.

8.What is parole authority and how does it relate to the Refugee Act of 1980.
The parole authority was an authority that every president since Franklin Roosevelt had exercised to authorize a resumed flow of airlifted Cubans to the United States, a slow that would approach for hundred thousand fifteen years later when Congress was considering what because the 1980 Refugee Act. The experience with Southeast Asians shaped the law experiencing being first asylums in countries was not a good guide to the immediate future.It related to the refugee act because it brought four hundred thousand Vietnamese and Southeast Asians.

9.How does a refugee differ from an asylee?
An asylee is a person who is in fear of persecution based on their race, religion, or nationality. A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country based persecution, war, or natural disaster.An asylee applies for entry in the US while already here, either legally or a person who came in on a student or visitors visa.

10. How did American attitudes toward refugees change between WWII and 1980?
The American attitudes changed because for the first time the United States recognized the right of asylum and created a new legal category. The Carter administration proposed a total of 50,000. However many came in in without numerical limitation. 1953 Act allowed Asians to become eligible for admission as refugees. 2.25 million persons were admitted to the United States